1.
Jurnal
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND ITS
PSCYCHO-CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS
(by Dana Waskita)
I.
Introduction
Today many people are attempting to
master more than one language. It is undeniable that acquiring two or more
languages may gain some benefits. Being a bilingualist or multilingualist would
imply social and economical advantages. They would be commonly regarded as a
group of people that has higher social status since the acquisition of other
language requires a tremendous effort. A part from that, this skill may bring
on an income or extra income if the possessors apply it in particular occupations
such as interpreters, translators, or language teachers. Moreover, in this
article I would like to argue that second language acquisition also implies the
acquisition of the second world view. Then I will try to reveal how it happens.
Furthermore, some suggestions on pedagogical methods to assist in the process
of second language acquisition are presented.
II.
The Journal
Bilingualism or
multilingualism may imply socioeconomic advantages. But a further literature
study indicates that this may also affect psychological and cultural
viewpoints. The acquisition of second language would significantly influence
the mentality or perceptual framework of the language users. Language as “a
system of communication, a medium for thought, a vehicle for literary
expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, a
catalyst for nation building”. Both language and culture share a general idea,
i.e. a system associated with cognition. In terms of cognition, different
cultures and languages, to some extent, may indicate different procedure of
obtaining knowledge and comprehending through line of thinking, skills,
experience, and the sensory faculty. Kessing (1979) provided an evident of a
particular phenomenon that is viewed differently by people from different
cultures. He stated “In, culture after culture, one‟s predecessors are viewed
as having gone ahead (“before”) along a line of march we are following, and
one‟s life experiences are seen as having “left behind” (“past” = passed).
Kwaio culture permutes this model by conceptualizing the time periods
associated with those who has gone before (ta?a I na?o „ people in
front‟) as being in front of and downward from the present”. This evidence
supports the idea that different cultures may have different point of view of
the same phenomenon. To sum up, a language and culture may indicate a
particular way of thinking. People from the same language and culture are
likely to have the same cognition. They will probably have similar perception
and feeling on phenomena in the world. On the contrary, users of different
languages and cultures may differ in expressing the phenomena in the world. It
is strongly influenced by their ways of thinking.
Syntax
Analysis
1. In this
journal, the writer used standard language. It is supported by reason that some
sentences in this journal used permanent language
order, as sentences below:
a.
They would be commonly regarded as a group of
people that has higher social status since the acquisition of other language
requires a tremendous effort (passive sentence)
b.
The acquisition of second language would
significantly influence the mentality or perceptual framework of the language
users (active sentence)
2. There are some tenses uses in this journal. they are present tense,
Past tense and future tense , for example:
a.
It is undeniable that acquiring two or more
languages may gain some benefits (simple Present).
b.
Today many people are attempting to master more
than one language (Present continuous)
c.
I will try to reveal how it happens (simple
future)
d.
A bilingualist or multilingualist would imply
social and economical advantages (past future)
e.
He stated “In, culture after culture, one‟s
predecessors are viewed as having gone ahead (“before”) along a line of march
we are following, and one‟s life experiences are seen as having “left behind”
(“past” = passed) (simple past)
3. The example phrase structure tree from the journal above, it can
shown at tree chart below:
4. In this jounal, we also can
find some compound words as below:
a. multilingualist (endocentric
types)
b. downward
(exocentric types)
c. framework (appositional types)
5. In this journal we can find some phrases, clauses and sentences.
They are as below:
a.
Phrase
1.
Noun phrase :
second language
2.
Verb phrase :
are attempting
3.
Prepositional phrase : on an income
4. Infinitive
phrase : to argue, to
reveal
5.
Appositive phrase : the acquisition of other language requires
b.
Clause
1.
Independent clause : They will probably
have similar perception and feeling on phenomena in the world
2.
Dependent Clause : It is undeniable
that acquiring two or more languages may gain some benefits
c.
Sentence
1.
Simple sentence :
“People are attempting to master more than one
language”
2.
Compound sentence :
“People from the same language and culture are
likely to have the same cognition.”
3.
Complex sentence :
“On the contrary, users of different languages
and cultures may differ in expressing the phenomena in the world.”
4.
Complex-Compound sentence:
“Both language and culture share a general
idea, i.e. a system associated with cognition. In terms of cognition, different
cultures and languages, to some extent, may indicate different procedure of
obtaining knowledge and comprehending through line of thinking, skills,
experience, and the sensory faculty.”
2.
Novel
HONEY
The a Story of a Feminine Power
(Original
Novel by Sunil
Doiphode, English
Version by Anil
Ekbote)
(http://www.englishnovels.net)
Having finished his bath
Ganeshrao was putting his clothes on. White terycotton shirt and white stringed
pyjama of the same cloth. From his movements his body seemed more tired than
that of his normal fifty-year’s age. And why not, more than age he was harassed
by various ailments like BP, Sugar and Acidity. He recollected…
When he was young he wore
trousers and shirt …
That too, tucking in, at the
beginning … very neat….
How changes take place slowly
in human beings. …
And circumstances also have
such great influence on them …
While Ganeshrao was hurrying to
put on clothes and get ready in the kitchen, his wife was unnecessarily banging
vessels and cribbing aloud. …as usual…
“You are serving since 25
years … serving since so many years … and what did you earn? Not even casual
acquaintances in the department. …This was such a nice Taluqa place .. and we
had our own house here … But they caught hold of you and flung you 70
kilometres away on transfer. .. In some god forsaken village… they thus got
permanently rid of their headache …. I was telling you so many times --- true
honesty is of no use. … Only honest people have to suffer like this, like us.
A sentence flashed in
Ganeshrao’s mind.
Straight trees are cut first.
“Does it apply to me?”
“It does, to some extent.”
Whose quote is it?
From which book?
“I am unable to
remember.”
“But it seems
Chanakya has written something alike in our Sanskrit.”
His wife was
continuing with her chattering.
“But who will
listen to me? …Just because I am not much educated.
Common sense is
always superior to bookish knowledge… But who is there to listen to me ….”
Ganeshrao could
no more remain quiet. The mention of bookish knowledge had hurt him.
“Will you now
stop grumbling for a while … I am getting ready to go there … Am I not going to
the bungalow for that very purpose?”
annoyed, he
said sharply.
Syntax
Analysis
1. In this novel,
generally sentences use spoken language. It is supported by reason that some
sentences in this novel used non-permanent language order, as sentences below:
a. From
which book?
b. That
too, tucking in, at the beginning … very neat….
c. Having finished
his bath Ganeshrao was putting his clothes on
2. Although
in this novel generally sentences use spoken language but there
are still some sentences using permanent language. they are :
a.
I am unable to remember (simple Present).
b.
While Ganeshrao was hurrying to put on clothes and get ready (Past
continuous)
c.
You are serving since 25 years (Present
continuous)
d.
He wore trousers and shirt (simple past)
3. The
example phrase structure tree from the novel above, it can shown at tree chart
below:
4. In this novel, we also can
find some compound words as below:
a. terycotton (endocentric
types)
b. fifty-year’s
(copulative Types)
55. In this novel,
we can find some phrases, clauses and sentences. They are as below:
a. Phrase
1. Noun
phrase : white stringed pyjama
2. Verb
phrase : was continuing
3. Prepositional
phrase : in our Sanskrit
4. Infinitive
phrase : to suffer, to go
b. Independent
clause :
“They caught hold of you and flung you 70 kilometres away on
transfer.”
c. Sentence
1.
Simple sentence :
“I was telling you so many times”
2.
Compound sentence :
“From his movements his body seemed more tired than that of
his normal fifty-year’s age.”
3.
Complex sentence :
“While Ganeshrao was hurrying
to put on clothes and get ready in the kitchen, his wife was unnecessarily
banging vessels and cribbing aloud”
Article/Column in Newspaper
US PRAISES REGIONAL EFFORTS ON MYANMARESE,
BANGLADESHI MIGRANTS
The Jakarta Post, Jakarta | National | Thu, May 21 2015,
3:53 PM
US Department of State spokesperson Marie Harf said on
Thursday that the US welcomed the decision by Indonesia. Malaysia and Thailand
to work together to uphold their responsibilities under international law and
provide humanitarian assistance and shelter to 7,000 vulnerable migrants
stranded on Southeast Asian waters.
“The US urges other countries of the region and
international communities to support them in those efforts,” she said in a
release on Thursday.
The issue of the Myanmarese and Bangladeshi migrants will be
discussed at in a conference hosted by Thailand in Bangkok on May 29.
“We believe all governments in the region with a stake in
this issue should attend this conference, where a high-level US delegation will
be present,” said Harf.
“The US continues to urge countries in the region to take
proactive steps quickly to save the lives of migrants and asylum seekers now at
sea and refrain from turning away any new boat arrivals,” she went on.
In a meeting on Wednesday, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand
agreed to reverse a policy of turning back boats carrying refugees and
vulnerable migrants.
In a joint statement agreed upon during the meeting,
Indonesia and Malaysia said they would provide temporary shelter for up to
7,000 people still at sea, believed to be mainly Rohingya refugees fleeing
persecution in Myanmar, as well as Bangladeshis.
They said shelter would only be provided for up to a year,
and on condition that the international community helped with repatriation or
resettlement efforts.
Thailand did not sign on to the commitment to provide
temporary shelter, citing domestic legal constraints.
However, it pledged to not push back boats stranded in its
waters and to provide humanitarian assistance to those aboard. (ebf) (+++)
Syntax
Analysis
1. In this article,
reporter combines two kind languages. They are standard language and spoken
language. We can see the sentences as below:
a. US
Department of State spokesperson Marie Harf said on Thursday that the US
welcomed the decision by Indonesia (standard language)
b. “The US
continues to urge countries in the region to take proactive steps quickly to
save the lives of migrants and asylum seekers now at sea and refrain from
turning away any new boat arrivals,” she went on. (spoken language)
c. The
issue of the Myanmarese and Bangladeshi migrants will be discussed at in a
conference hosted by Thailand in Bangkok on May 29. (passive sentence)
2. There
are some tenses uses in this article. they are present tense, and past tense,
for example:
a.
We believe all governments in the region with a stake in
this issue should attend this conference (simple Present).
b.
They would provide temporary shelter for up to 7,000 people
still at sea (past future)
c.
Malaysia and Thailand agreed to reverse a policy of turning
back boats carrying refugees and vulnerable migrants. (simple
past)
3. The
example phrase structure tree from the journal above, it can shown at tree
chart below:
4. In this jounal, we also
can find some compound words as below:
a. spokesperson (endocentric
types)
b. resettlement (exocentric types)
c. humanitarian (appositional types)
d. high-level
(copulative Types)
5. In this article,
we can find some phrases, clauses and sentences. They are as below:
a.
Phrase
1. Noun
phrase : Bangladeshi migrants
2. Prepositional
phrase : on Southeast Asian waters
3. Infinitive
phrase : to support
b.
Clause
1.
Independent clause : “The US continues to urge
countries in the region to take proactive steps quickly to save the lives of
migrants and asylum seekers now at sea and refrain from turning away any new
boat arrivals.”
2.
Dependent Clause : We believe all governments in
the region with a stake in this issue should attend this conference, where a
high-level US delegation will be present
c.
Sentence
1. Simple
sentence :
“Migrants stranded on Southeast Asian waters.”
2. Complex
sentence :
“We
believe all governments in the region with a stake in this issue should attend
this conference, where a high-level US delegation will be present.”
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